docs(v2): document the full set of published docker tags
The docker install reference only mentioned `latest` plus a single
pre-release versioned example. The Docker CI workflow
(.github/workflows/docker.yml) actually publishes: latest (main tip),
stable (newest release), v{major}, v{major}.{minor}, v{version}, and
sha-{commit}.
- add a table covering every published tag and when it updates
- clarify that `latest` tracks `main`, not the latest release
- use the v2.1.0 release (not a pre-release) as the pin example
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <[email protected]>